Welcome to Paper World 

 
I don't think that the tools available to modern educational management are capable of dealing with the complexities of actual teaching in actual organisations. The best example of this inadequacy concerns the use of simple rational models, often behaviorist ones, to attempt to control planning and teaching. This has actually been much discussed in educational research, and it is fair to say that almost no serious researchers can see any merits at all in the use of rational curriculum planning models, or planning by objectives or whatever. Most teachers I know ritualistically list objectives on official syllabic but never refer to them again. It is rare to find a student who is even aware of objectives or outcomes, let alone one who has read them or used them to guide actual study. Why are such models so popular, when they obviously fail at the level of both theory and practice? Because they describe a world which educational management can deal with, a fictionalised, idealized, and deeply ideological world that exists only on paper -- Paper World, or the realm of the manager-real.

 
Paper World has a great advantage of being particularly easy to manage. All you have to do is to arrange words on a piece of paper and if you need to change or revise plans, you merely change the words. I have known managers who find even that fairly difficult to do, but compared to managing or changing the real world it is a piece of cake. The trick then seems to be to abandon any notion that Paper World should connect with the real world, and even to prioritise Paper World, so that managing it becomes the most important thing that managers do. Then they can claim to be successful and worth their hugely inflated salaries -- just look at the size and complexity of the Paper World we have constructed; have you any idea how much work goes into maintaining the dimensions of Paper World?

 
Here are some case-studies:

 
Case study 1 -- A Banner With a Strange Device ... EXCELsior

 
Once data is entered on to a spreadsheet, the real world can be cheerfully forgotten. As an example, I once worked in a system where it became important to provide management with detailed information about teaching commitments, which they would then turn into a spreadsheet describing who was working on which courses and in which locations. It was considered to be quite important to get these data right in order to allow for proper monitoring of resource usage, and we were invited to correct them at the end of each term.

 
It so happened that I was teaching on a number of courses one year, and this produced a timetable clash for one of my sessions: students for both Egyptology and Scuba Diving were not normally taught by the same person, and teaching traditionally had been timetabled accordingly. My situation seemed to offer a fairly straightforward managerial problem -- could those sessions be re-timetabled to permit me to teach both groups? Apparently not, was the answer. The real world was too complicated for the simple timetabling programme on the spreadsheet. No-ne had thought of any likely real-world complications before they bought it, presumably. Management therefore could not help me with my problem, and I had to find a solution.

So, not being a manager, I coped using the old techniques of box and cox and improvisation, and all went well until I had to supply data on my teaching at the end of term. The problem was that my data were actually too complicated and the spreadsheet could only handle simple entries, where a particular cell was occupied for the entire term. So I resorted to the official timetable and declared that both Egyptology and Scuba-Diving students were both taught on Tuesday afternoons from two to four, or whatever it was. That was no good either, however, since the spreadsheet rejected such a double entry. I now found myself being asked to cope with the anomalies of Paper World as well, including being asked if I knew how to enter a suitable formula into the spreadsheet so that it could allow double entries (I didn't). Indeed, I spent more time with management coping with the recalcitrant spreadsheet than I had in solving the real problem of dealing with two groups wanting me to teach them both at the same time! Bugger the proper monitoring of resource usage! They hadn't even monitored the usage of the device that was supposed to help them monitor resources.

 

Case study 2 -- The Endless Extension of Extenuating Circumstances

 
The issue of extenuating circumstances is a classic area badly in need of management. Just the sort of thing that managers can systematise and clarify for us. Students present all sorts of reasons for not being able to complete their assignments and we need to be able to decide which of these reasons are genuine and which ones are merely tactical. Important ethical issues are at stake here: we would not want to unfairly penalise someone because they were ill or emotionally distressed, but, on the other hand, we would not wish to enable cynical students to gain an advantage over their hard-working colleagues by obtaining more time to finish their assignments as a result of a spurious recent bereavement or illness.

 
For years, long before we had many managers, academic staff would just have to find their own way through this ethical morass. I suppose we just made judgments on the basis of what we knew about students, whether they seemed genuine or not, and some sort of subjective assessment of their condition. I have extended the deadline for a desperately homesick student, for a student who had been battered by her husband and had had to seek  refuge with her children, or for a student whose new boyfriend had been badly injured in a road accident, and whose heart-lung machine was to be turned off on the very Friday that the essay was due. It is quite possible that these were really cynical students and that I was being conned, but I still think it was better to give them the benefit of the doubt in those cases, since the alternative would have been unthinkable. I have also refused extensions for students in cases where I thought they needed a deadline, a bit of work discipline, or simply to be shown that I was not an easy touch likely to fall for a phoney sob story. In ambiguous cases, I have consulted colleagues, called for more information, consulted records, or  acceded for a quiet life on one occasion, but refused on subsequent occasions. I'm confessing to having engaged in these deeply subjective judgments here, in the full knowledge that these decisions might well have been influenced by the usual social judgments, prejudices, stereotypes, personal impressions and the usual sources of human fallibility. I was uncomfortably aware that colleagues varied in their use of discretionary powers – some would simply offer extensions to all who asked for them, while others would require medical documentation. Quite often, I found it quite difficult to make these decisions, and felt initial relief at the announcement that there was to be a thorough managerial initiative to regularize the whole area.

 
I really should have known better, of course. Managers were no more capable of regularizing the area than ordinary academics were. Indeed, they have probably made things worse.

A high-powered committee was convened, and immediately set out to establish a new settlement in Paper World. They didn't bother to ask anyone with any experience, or to find out the most common kinds of requests for extenuating circumstances, or to investigate practices elsewhere (except with a view to plagiarising useful preambles from materials already on the Web). Instead, they immediately launched into one of their favourite activities and began making lists.

No doubt using one of the famed management techniques like 'brainstorming', or its refined version 'forming, storming and norming', they managed to make a list of all the circumstances which would justify an extension to a deadline. It was easy really because  medical conditions, accidental injury, or recent bereavement could all be established objectively (that is, with another piece of paper). They drew up the list and announced that from now on, they would deal with extenuating circumstances as the only 'qualified' body.

The actual list of cases that year overwhelmed them, however, and they found themselves having to stray far from the nice simple list. There was not the slightest interest in why so many people were claiming extenuating circumstances, or whether the deadline or marking systems might need looking at. There were people reporting mental stress caused by apparently trivial injury, or people who had not been bereaved exactly but whose long-term significant relationships with others had ended, which felt like bereavement. People reported feeling sick with worry over debt, or of feeling upset because family friends had died, some of whom were 'honorary kin'. One or two had even lost pets and had felt too upset to be able to concentrate on exams. Lots of them seemed genuine. Some presented accompanying letters from counsellors, GPs, priests, kin.  Some had no supporting evidence and seemed unable to believe that they needed it -- the mugs thought we would trust them to tell the truth, or that their sincerity would become clear once they had explained themselves properly. Many had been far too busy coping with their crises to bother to actually get any supporting evidence, at least not until afterward. Managers had to use judgments and make decisions, and all that in the absence of the usual information that those of us who knew students could provide. Managers found it very stressful. They were consumed with worry and tired by emotionally difficult work. They resolved never to be in that position again.

The first response was to amend the list. For example, a 'close relative' was defined as someone who was no more than one generation removed from the applicant. Honorary kin were excluded, but step-kin were included (managers had few of the former but lots of the latter). Only properly married partners were to count or the offspring thereof.  Bereavement was permitted as long as it was 'recent' (within three weeks -- surely plenty of time to 'draw a line under' the event) or if the deceased was a 'close relative' (as above -- not meaning close emotionally). No non-humans were included, unless these were officially-defined 'companion animals' such as guide dogs or hearing dogs. Mental stress was allowed as long as it was serious enough to require a medical note. Medical and other notes would be allowed post hoc as long as they were gained no later than five working days after the deadline. Acute conditions were listed but not chronic ones, because there are no long-term or unsolvable problems in Paper World

The list grew to a substantial document of some 30 pages. Meetings lasted longer as the document needed to be consulted for each case. As in managerial documents everywhere, there were lots of bullet points rather than numbered lists and no index, which led to much page-searching. Some of the applicants, or their solicitors, knew the document better than did the members of the panel and found all sorts of ambiguities, contradictions and omissions .The list still didn't cover all the eventualities.  Maybe further additions and amendments would be required, perhaps with legal advice this time? Managers,unusually, began to worry about time and cost.

The final solution was actually a step of unusual managerial brilliance. The Extenuating Circumstances Committee decided not to make any decisions at all. They decided to accept only cases accompanied by expert supporting documentation. A template was devised to issue to GPs, priests or counsellors which invited a yes/no response in answer to the question 'Are these circumstances serious enough to count as extenuating circumstances?'. Forms could be collected by students applying for extenuating circumstances. Those forms which were ticked 'yes' led to the applicant being awarded an extension or re-take.

This worked well for a year, even though some GPs simply refused to do anything as vulgar as tick a box. Nevertheless, time and anxiety were considerably reduced. Then problems emerged. How could the supporting experts judge the issue when they knew the client but did not know what the regulations were? Obviously, what was needed was a list of cases which qualified....

Case study 3 -- So Mote It Be

Management wanted to close down a course, and proceeded in the usual way by deciding first then offering consultation. At the consultation stage they lost the argument as usual, mostly because they were badly informed about the basic details like recruitment, retention,staffing and the like. So they had to resort to Plan B -- make the course unviable, demoralise the staff, whisper among the students, starve the thing of resources, until it really did match the picture they had of it in the first place.

Part of the plan included harassing the staff. Expenses claims were minutely scrutinised, managers crept along corridors and listened at doors to make sure teaching was really taking place, the course leader was summoned to account for expenditure on books over the last five years, External Examiners were invited to criticise and their remarks minutely scrutinised for use as ammunition. One remark mentioned a delay in returning marked essays.

The course leader was summoned and told she was to ensure that all essays were returned promptly. She was given a deadline. This was actually closer than the agreed practice (four working weeks), and the course leader objected. She was told it was quite reasonable to expect 23 essays to be marked and returned in a fortnight. She replied that, even if this were so, there were 62 essays to be marked. She was scornfully rebuked and told there could not be 62, since her course was losing students and was now down to 23. The figures proved it. She produced the official figures showing 62 enrolled. But this did not allow for drop-out, was the reply. But there had been no drop-outs she argued. There must have been because she was now down to 23 students! It was her fault for designing such a poor and ill-suited course! No wonder it had a dubious future!

The course leader returned home almost convinced. Then she counted the essays waiting to be marked -- there were 62. The next day a letter arrived reminding her that she was expected to have marked all 23 essays in a fortnight's time, and that failure to do so would be regarded as a disciplinary matter. She offered to bring in the pile of essays so the manager could count them. This was refused as evidence of continued prevarication and  insubordination, and she was warned again to produce a mark list in a fortnight.

Presumably, the figure of 23 had the superior ontological status of existing in Paper World, perhaps even in a private region of EXCELsior, and represented the number of students that was desired following the run down. Perhaps it was the target for the next year? It is possible that it  played a major part in persuading any doubters of the unviability of the course. It had clearly been so well-established that it must be true, regardless of any minor inconveniences like a pile of 62 vulgarly and brutally actual essays.The counter-arguments of the course leader only confirmed what was already known -- she was wily, prone to lying, outrageously hostile to management to the point of being unmanageable, and thus quite unsuitable for continued employment.

 
Case study 4 -- Change the Word and the World Will Follow!

A management committee had been charged with the task of constructing a document explaining course-design policy. Mostly this involved re-arranging the 'good words' provided by the relevant Government agency and doing a little cut'n'paste from other websites. How to demonstrate academic progression was one issue. The solution seemed a straightforward matter of using the right words in course descriptions, and first year courses were described in terms of words like 'introducing' (various topics), while later courses required qualities such as 'critical thinking'. The latest work on the topic was acquired -- Bloom's Taxonomy of Cognitive Objectives (actually published in 1963 and much-criticised since as above). All leaders were told about this work at special staff development sessions, told to use the approved words in writing their syllabi, and the job was done.

However, subsequent events proved a need for constant vigilance by the Quality Stasi. One course team committed the serious error of expecting first year students to do critical thinking, for example, and had to be reminded that this was not possible. The team could indeed encourage students to interact with texts and ask questions of them, seek out their flaws and so on, if that is really what they wanted to do (although there were serious doubts expressed about such an unvocational activity), but that could not be called critical thinking, since it was  policy to reserve that term for third year courses. In the ensuing ten-page report, it was 'strongly recommended' that the team think of other words, not actually to change the teaching strategy or course requirements but just to describe them differently.

A similar but reverse error was detected in a proposal for a Master's course. Students were to be introduced to the latest statistical analysis packages. This was impossible of course, since introductions were only done at first year. 'Introduced' was not an M-level word. Anyway, shouldn't all students know about statistical analysis packages anyway, since these seemed so useful? It must be so.What was being implied by saying that M-level students still needed an introduction -- that undergraduate teaching was inadequate? Wasn't this academic in-fighting? Of course, if the proposing team wanted to change the words, all might be well. How about 'extending knowledge' of statistical packages instead?

Case-study 5 --  2+2 Need Not Always Equal 4, Not in Paper World. Oh Dear Me, No

Scene from a(n unsuccessful) Grievance Procedure:

Appellant (A) : I have had 60% of my teaching removed by this decision to take me off the Egyptology course
Defendant (D) : It is not 60%. Nothing like 60%
Chair (to A): Let us explore this figure of 60% shall we? Describe your allocation of hours would you? How is your time made up?
A: We work to a total of 530 hours. I work a full timetable. I receive an allowance of 100 hours for being a Leader...
D: That's 20%!!
A: Yes, and another 100 hours is spent teaching Scuba Diving...
D: That's another 20%! That's 40% already!!
A: And all the rest of my time was allocated to teaching on Egyptology.
Chair: Are you absolutely sure? Nothing else?
A: Absolutely sure. All the rest was spent in Egyptology.
A's Friend: So what proportion of time does that represent then, Defendant?
D: It is not 60%

Chair: I am inclined to agree...

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